Chronology of Discoveries
Here is a chronology of the most important discoveries surrounding calcifying nanoparticles:
|
1985 |
Olavi Kajander observes nanoscale particles in vitro, forming a community, as contaminants in mammalian cell cultures. He surmises that they may be alive. Labs fail to grow them due to the particles’ special properties. |
|
1986 |
Robert Folk observes nanoscale entities in geological formations, but he does not publish findings for years. |
|
1986-1987 |
Kajander observes that some of the particles he found earlier seem to have a hard surface. |
|
1987 |
Kajander discovers the particles in human blood. |
|
1988 |
Kajander takes first electron microscope pictures of them and develops polyclonal antibodies to detect them. |
|
1990 |
Kajander files for patent for nanobacteria, plus culturing and antibody methods. |
|
1991 |
Neva Ciftcioglu and Kajander develop new monoclonal antibodies to detect nanobacteria. |
|
1992 |
Kajander is awarded a patent for nanobacteria and related detection methods. |
|
1992 |
Ciftcioglu discovers that nanobacteria make mineralized "igloo-like" structures. These explained the hard surfaces observed earlier. |
|
1992 |
Kajander et al. publish one of the first abstracts on blood nanobacteria. |
|
1992 |
Ciftcioglu and Kajander optimize the culturing process by developing a medium that makes nanobacteria grow quickly and produces colonies on solid media. |
|
1993 |
Kajander and his company optimize methods for detecting nanobacteria antigen as a prototype for the commercial methods used today. |
|
1996 |
David McKay et al. announce discovery of nanoscale organisms in a meteorite. A controversy over nanobacteria begins. |
|
1997 |
Ciftcioglu, Kajander et al. announce discovery of potential nanobacteria contamination in antibody products. |
|
1997 |
Akerman, Kuikka, Ciftcioglu, Parkkinen, Bergstrom, Kuronen, and Kajander announce discovery that nanobacteria replicate in rabbits, fulfilling part of Koch’s postulate. |
|
1998 |
Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discoveries that EDTA unroofs nanobacteria and that tetracycline kills them, then apply for a patent which was later allowed by European and American agencies. |
|
1998 |
Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discovery of nanobacteria in kidney stones. The story is covered by journals and news services worldwide. |
|
1998 |
N. Ciftcioglu, V. Ciftcioglu, H. Vali, E. Turcott, and O. Kajander announce discovery of nanobacteria in dental stones. |
|
1998 |
Philippa J. R. Uwins et al. announce discovery of nano-organisms ("nanobes") in Australian sandstone. This receives media coverage. |
|
1999 |
László Puskás, who had met Kajander and Ciftcioglu earlier, detects nanobacteria in atherosclerotic plaque and submits to journals but cannot get findings published. |
|
1999 |
Nanobac Oy, a Finnish start-up company, begins using tests for diagnosing nanobacteria in patients with heart and kidney disease. |
|
1999-2000 |
Gary Mezo develops a compounded formula to treat heart disease. This was later reformulated to include tetracycline, based on Ciftcioglu and Kajander’s discoveries. |
|
1999-2000 |
Mezo meets Kajander and Ciftcioglu, then adds tetracycline to his prescription treatment to kill nanobacteria. |
|
1999-2000 |
Charges against Kajander that his investigations into nanobacteria were fraudulent are officially investigated and dismissed as groundless. |
|
2000 |
Garcia-Cuerpo et al. fulfill Koch's postulates for proving nanobacteria as infectious agents. |
|
2000 |
Thomas Hjelle, Marcia Miller-Hjelle, Ciftcioglu et al. announce discovery of nanobacteria in Polycystic Kidney Disease. |
|
2001 |
Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce detection of nanobacteria in viral vaccines as reported by Vaccines Today and New Scientist. |
|
2001 |
First Nanobacteria Symposium held in Kuopio, Finland brings nanobacteria researchers together. |
|
2002 |
Karl Stetter et al. announce discovery of nanoarchaeae in volcanic events and sequence the organism's DNA. |
|
2002 |
American cardiologists begin to report that their patients have sustained reductions in heart disease markers after treatment with nanobiotics. |
|
2002 |
Rasmussen et al. duplicate Laszlo Puskas work, finding nanobacteria in atherosclerotic plaque. |
|
2002 |
Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discovery of contamination of gamma globulin products with nanobacteria. |
|
2002 |
Benedict Maniscalco et al. conduct first independently monitored clinical trial of nanobiotics in heart disease patients after being approached by Gary Mezo. |
|
2003 |
Martin Kerner et al. announce discovery of nanoscale entities that replicate in bacteria-like ways in polluted river water. |
|
2003 |
Maniscalco completes first clinical trial of nanobiotics and announces preliminary significant reductions in calcium scores and other markers of atherosclerosis. |
|
2003 |
Kajander, Maniscalco, Aho, and Mezo put forward unified theory of atherogenesis and treatment based on nanobacteria. |
|
2003 |
Roland Sedivy and Walter B. Battistutti announce discovery of nanobacteria in calcified adenocarcinomas in ovarian cancer. |
|
2004 |
Madhu Khullar, S. K. Sharma, S. K. Singh, Pratibha Bajwa, Farooq A. Sheikh, Vandana Relan and Meera Sharma announce that they have isolated nanobacteria from human renal stones. |
|
2004 |
The Sino-Finland Nanobacteria Co-Operation Center, an international institute devoted to the study of nanobacteria is started by the University of Kuopio in Finland and the Second Affiliated Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China. |
|
2004 |
Tomislav M. Jelic, Amer M. Malas, Samuel S. Groves, Bo Jin, Paul F. Mellen, Garry Osborne, Rod Roque, James G. Rosencrance, and Ho-Huang Chang, announce discovery of nanobacteria in the heart valve of an end-stage diabetes patient. |
|
2004 |
Lieske et al. announce that they have found RNA-synthesizing nano-organisms in cardio-vascular disease. |
|
2004 |
Stephen Epstein and Jianhui Zhu discover a correlation between high levels of calcium deposits in coronary arteries of patients and the presence of nanobacteria, using a quick test that can serve as a tool for predicting heart disease. |
|
2005 |
Ciftcioglu, R. S. Haddad, D. C. Golden, D. R. Morrison, and D. S. McKay announce that nanobacteria grow faster in microgravity which may explain increased kidney stone formation in astronauts during space flights. |
|
2005 |
Wen, Y., Y. G. Li, Z. L. Yang, X. J. Wang, H. Wei, W. Liu, X. Y. Miao, Q. W. Wang, S. F. Huang, J. Yang, Kajander, and Ciftcioglu annouce that they have detected nanobacteria in serum, bile, and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholecystolithiasis. |
|
2005 |
Daniel Shoskes, K. Thomas, and E. Gomez annouce promising results from small trial using antinanobacterial therapy in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostatic stones. |
|
2006 |
Tsurumoto T., T. Matsumoto, A. Yonekura, and H. Shindo annouce the detection of nanobacteria-like particles in human arthritic synovial fluids. |
©Courtesy of Mulhall/Hansen from their book The Calcium Bomb. The Nanobacteria Link to Heart Disease and Cancer, 2005. Reproduction without permission is prohibited.

