1985

Olavi Kajander observes nanoscale particles in vitro, forming a community, as contaminants in mammalian cell cultures. He surmises that they may be alive. Labs fail to grow them due to the particles’ special properties.

1986

Robert Folk observes nanoscale entities in geological formations, but he does not publish findings for years.

1986-1987

Kajander observes that some of the particles he found earlier seem to have a hard surface.

1987

Kajander discovers the particles in human blood.

1988

Kajander takes first electron microscope pictures of them and develops polyclonal antibodies to detect them.

1990

Kajander files for patent for nanobacteria, plus culturing and antibody methods.

1991

Neva Ciftcioglu and Kajander develop new monoclonal antibodies to detect nanobacteria.

1992

Kajander is awarded a patent for nanobacteria and related detection methods.

1992

Ciftcioglu discovers that nanobacteria make mineralized "igloo-like" structures. These explained the hard surfaces observed earlier.

1992

Kajander et al. publish one of the first abstracts on blood nanobacteria.

1992

Ciftcioglu and Kajander optimize the culturing process by developing a medium that makes nanobacteria grow quickly and produces colonies on solid media.

1993

Kajander and his company optimize methods for detecting nanobacteria antigen as a prototype for the commercial methods used today.

1996

David McKay et al. announce discovery of nanoscale organisms in a meteorite. A controversy over nanobacteria begins.

1997

Ciftcioglu, Kajander et al. announce discovery of potential nanobacteria contamination in antibody products.

1997

Akerman, Kuikka, Ciftcioglu, Parkkinen, Bergstrom, Kuronen, and Kajander announce discovery that nanobacteria replicate in rabbits, fulfilling part of Koch’s postulate.

1998

Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discoveries that EDTA unroofs nanobacteria and that tetracycline kills them, then apply for a patent which was later allowed by European and American agencies.

1998

Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discovery of nanobacteria in kidney stones. The story is covered by journals and news services worldwide.

1998

N. Ciftcioglu, V. Ciftcioglu, H. Vali, E. Turcott, and O. Kajander announce discovery of nanobacteria in dental stones.

1998

Philippa J. R. Uwins et al. announce discovery of nano-organisms ("nanobes") in Australian sandstone. This receives media coverage.

1999

László Puskás, who had met Kajander and Ciftcioglu earlier, detects nanobacteria in atherosclerotic plaque and submits to journals but cannot get findings published.

1999

Nanobac Oy, a Finnish start-up company, begins using tests for diagnosing nanobacteria in patients with heart and kidney disease.

1999-2000

Gary Mezo develops a compounded formula to treat heart disease. This was later reformulated to include tetracycline, based on Ciftcioglu and Kajander’s discoveries.

1999-2000

Mezo meets Kajander and Ciftcioglu, then adds tetracycline to his prescription treatment to kill nanobacteria.

1999-2000

Charges against Kajander that his investigations into nanobacteria were fraudulent are officially investigated and dismissed as groundless.

2000

Garcia-Cuerpo et al. fulfill Koch's postulates for proving nanobacteria as infectious agents.

2000

Thomas Hjelle, Marcia Miller-Hjelle, Ciftcioglu et al. announce discovery of nanobacteria in Polycystic Kidney Disease.

2001

Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce detection of nanobacteria in viral vaccines as reported by Vaccines Today and New Scientist.

2001

First Nanobacteria Symposium held in Kuopio, Finland brings nanobacteria researchers together.

2002

Karl Stetter et al. announce discovery of nanoarchaeae in volcanic events and sequence the organism's DNA.

2002

American cardiologists begin to report that their patients have sustained reductions in heart disease markers after treatment with nanobiotics.

2002

Rasmussen et al. duplicate Laszlo Puskas work, finding nanobacteria in atherosclerotic plaque.

2002

Ciftcioglu and Kajander announce discovery of contamination of gamma globulin products with nanobacteria.

2002

Benedict Maniscalco et al. conduct first independently monitored clinical trial of nanobiotics in heart disease patients after being approached by Gary Mezo.

2003

Martin Kerner et al. announce discovery of nanoscale entities that replicate in bacteria-like ways in polluted river water.

2003

Maniscalco completes first clinical trial of nanobiotics and announces preliminary significant reductions in calcium scores and other markers of atherosclerosis.

2003

Kajander, Maniscalco, Aho, and Mezo put forward unified theory of atherogenesis and treatment based on nanobacteria.

2003

Roland Sedivy and Walter B. Battistutti announce discovery of nanobacteria in calcified adenocarcinomas in ovarian cancer.

2004

Madhu Khullar, S. K. Sharma, S. K. Singh, Pratibha Bajwa, Farooq A. Sheikh, Vandana Relan and Meera Sharma announce that they have isolated nanobacteria from human renal stones.

2004

The Sino-Finland Nanobacteria Co-Operation Center, an international institute devoted to the study of nanobacteria is started by the University of Kuopio in Finland and the Second Affiliated Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.

2004

Tomislav M. Jelic, Amer M. Malas, Samuel S. Groves, Bo Jin, Paul F. Mellen, Garry Osborne, Rod Roque, James G. Rosencrance, and Ho-Huang Chang, announce discovery of nanobacteria in the heart valve of an end-stage diabetes patient.

2004

Lieske et al. announce that they have found RNA-synthesizing nano-organisms in cardio-vascular disease.

2004

Stephen Epstein and Jianhui Zhu discover a correlation between high levels of calcium deposits in coronary arteries of patients and
the presence of nanobacteria, using a quick test that can serve as a tool for predicting heart disease.

2005

Ciftcioglu, R. S. Haddad, D. C. Golden, D. R. Morrison, and D. S. McKay announce that nanobacteria grow faster in microgravity which may explain increased kidney stone formation in astronauts during space flights.

2005

Wen, Y., Y. G. Li, Z. L. Yang, X. J. Wang, H. Wei, W. Liu, X. Y. Miao, Q. W. Wang, S. F. Huang, J. Yang, Kajander, and Ciftcioglu annouce that they have detected nanobacteria in serum, bile, and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholecystolithiasis.

2005

Daniel Shoskes, K. Thomas, and E. Gomez annouce promising results from small trial using antinanobacterial therapy in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostatic stones.

2006

Tsurumoto T., T. Matsumoto, A. Yonekura, and H. Shindo annouce the detection of nanobacteria-like particles in human arthritic synovial fluids.